UNIT 7 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports - 11

 UNIT 7 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports

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CBSE Class 11  Physical Education
Revision Notes
Chapter 7
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION ANATOMY: Anatomy is the study of the structure of human body.

PHYSIOLOGY: Physiology is the study of functions of human body.

MAIN SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY

• Skeletal System
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• Muscular System
• Digestive System
• Respiratory System
• Nervous System
• Glandular System
• Excretory system
• Reproductive System

IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• Helps in physical fitness.
• Provides knowledge about body structure.
• Helps in selection of games.
• Protects from sports injuries.
• Helps in the process of rehabilitation.
• Helps in maintaining healthy body.
• Helps to know about individual differences.

SKELETAL SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS

SKELETAL SYSTEM: The skeletal system is the bony framework of our body.

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

• It provides support to the body.
• It gives shape and structure to the body.
• It provides protection to the vital organs of the body.
• It acts as lever.
• It acts as storehouse of minerals.
• It acts as production house of RBC.
• It acts as junction or attachment to skeletal muscle.
• It works as self repair system.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Sesamoid bones
• Irregular bones
• Sutural bones

TYPES OF JOINTS

• Immovable or fibrous joints
• Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints
• Freely movable or synovial joints
  a. Hinge joint
  b. Pivot joint
  c. Ball and socket joint
  d. Saddle joint
  e. Gliding joint

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE

• Muscles are the moving force behind our movements.
• Muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton.
• Muscles give rounded shape to the body.
• Muscles help in the protection of organs with the bones.
• Human body contains more than 650 individual muscles.
• The muscles contribute about 40% of our body weight.

TYPES OF MUSCLES

• Voluntary/skeletal/striated muscle
• Involuntary or smooth or spindle muscle
• Cardiac muscle

FUNCTION OF MUSCLE

• Gives shape and structure to the body.
• Provides protection to the body.
• Helps in fluid movement
• Provides effort (of lever)

STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE: A muscle fibre is made up of myofibrils. Each myofibril consists of protein molecules called actin and myosin.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATION: Respiration is a physical process by which living organism take in oxygen from the surrounding and give out carbon dioxide.

FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
• To produce sound.
• To regulate blood PH.
• To protect against some micro organism.

TYPES OF RESPIRATION

• External respiration
• Internal respiration

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION: It involves nose, nostrils, lungs, blood and cell through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and energy is produced in the body.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: The transport of material between various parts of body is called circulatory system. It consists of heart, blood vessels, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules and fluid.

STRUCTURE OF HEART: Heart is fist shaped. It consists of four chambers which collect impure/deoxygenated blood from different parts of body and after purification/oxygenation it sup- plies pure/oxygenated blood to different parts of body through blood vessels.

BLOOD: Blood is a special kind of fluid which acts as a medium of transporting nutrients and gases from one part of body to another.

HEART RATE: It is the number of pumping of heart in one minute.

STROKE VOLUME: It is the volume of blood pumped out by heart in one beat. It is approximately 80 ml/beat in normal adult, whereas trained players have 110 ml/beat as stroke volume.

CARDIAC OUTPUT: Cardiac Output = stroke volume x heart rate. It is 5 to 6 liters at basal level.

BLOOD PRESSURE: It is the force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels.

SECOND WIND: The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercise is removed automatically by our body. It is called as second wind.

OXYGEN DEBT: The amount of oxygen taken by an athlete during the recovery period after strenuous activity is called as oxygen debt.

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 Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology in Sports 1. Definition and importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Exercise and Sports. 2. Functions of Skeletal System, Classification of Bones, and Types of Joints. 3. Properties and Functions of Muscles. 4. Structure and Functions of Circulatory System and Heart. 5. Structure and Functions of Respiratory System.

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1. Definition and Importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Exercise and Sports

• Anatomy: The study of the structure of the human body.
• Physiology: The study of how the body functions.

Importance in Sports:

• Helps understand the body's structure and functions to improve performance.
• Aids in designing effective training programs.
• Prevents injuries by understanding body mechanics.
• Enhances recovery and rehabilitation processes.

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2. Functions of Skeletal System, Classification of Bones, and Types of Joints

• Functions of the Skeletal System:

  • Provides shape and support to the body.
  • Protects vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain).
  • Facilitates movement by acting as levers.
  • Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
  • Produces blood cells in bone marrow.

• Classification of Bones:

  • Long Bones: Femur, humerus.
  • Short Bones: Carpals, tarsals.
  • Flat Bones: Skull, ribs.
  • Irregular Bones: Vertebrae.
  • Sesamoid Bones: Patella.

• Types of Joints:

  • Fibrous Joints: Immovable (e.g., skull sutures).
  • Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable (e.g., vertebrae).
  • Synovial Joints: Freely movable (e.g., knee, shoulder).

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3. Properties and Functions of Muscles

• Properties of Muscles:

  • Excitability: Ability to respond to stimuli.
  • Contractility: Ability to contract and produce force.
  • Extensibility: Ability to stretch without damage.
  • Elasticity: Ability to return to original shape after stretching.

• Functions of Muscles:

  • Facilitates movement of body parts.
  • Maintains posture and stability.
  • Produces heat to maintain body temperature.
  • Aids in circulation (e.g., heart muscles, venous return).

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4. Structure and Functions of Circulatory System and Heart

• Structure of Circulatory System:

  • Heart: A four-chambered organ (two atria and two ventricles).
  • Blood Vessels: Arteries, veins, capillaries.
  • Blood: Carries oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste.

• Functions:

  • Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.
  • Removes carbon dioxide and waste products.
  • Regulates body temperature.
  • Protects against infections through white blood cells.

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5. Structure and Functions of Respiratory System

• Structure of Respiratory System:

  • Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
  • Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs.
  • Alveoli: Air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

• Functions:

  • Facilitates inhalation (oxygen intake) and exhalation (carbon dioxide removal).
  • Provides oxygen for energy production.
  • Maintains acid-base balance in the body.
  • Filters and warms incoming air.