ComputerApplication_165
Class X Computer Application-165
*******************************************************
Unit 1: Networking
• Internet: World Wide Web, web servers, web clients, web sites, web pages, web
browsers, blogs, news groups, HTML, web address, e-mail address,
downloading and uploading files from a remote site.
• Internet protocols: TCP/IP, SMTP, POP3, HTTP, HTTPS. Remote login and file
transfer protocols: SSH, SFTP, FTP, SCP, TELNET, SMTP, TCP/IP.
• Services available on the internet: information retrieval, locating sites using
search engines and finding people on the net;
• Web services: chat, email, video conferencing, e-Learning, e-Banking,
eShopping, e-Reservation, e-Governance, e-Groups, social networking.
• Mobile technologies: SMS, MMS, 3G, 4G.
_____________________________________________________________________
Unit 1: Networking (Details : 15)
What is Networking?
A computer network is a group of two or more computers or digital devices connected together so that they can exchange information, share files, printers, internet connections, and other resources.
Example
- A school's computer lab where all computers are connected.
- Computers connected in a bank.
- Mobile phones connected through the internet.
Advantages of Networking
- Easy sharing of files
- Fast communication
- Resource sharing (printer, scanner, internet)
- Online learning
- Online banking
- Video meetings
Internet
The Internet is the world's largest computer network. Millions of computers around the globe are connected through the internet to exchange information.
Example
When you search on Google, watch YouTube, send emails, or chat on WhatsApp, you are using the internet.
World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of millions of web pages connected through hyperlinks and available on the internet.
It was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.
Example
- www.google.com
- www.cbse.gov.in
- www.wikipedia.org
- www.apnajila.in
- www.ontop.co.in
Difference between Internet and WWW
|
Internet |
World Wide Web |
|
Global network of computers |
Collection of websites and web pages |
|
Provides many services |
One service provided through the internet |
|
Older technology |
Uses internet to display web pages |
Web Server
A Web Server is a computer that stores websites and sends web pages to users whenever they request them.
Examples
- Apache Server
- Nginx
- Microsoft IIS
Real-life Example
When you open www.cbse.gov.in, the CBSE web server sends its web pages to your browser.
Web Client
A Web Client is a device or software that requests information from a web server.
Usually, a web browser works as a web client.
Example
- Google Chrome
- Mozilla Firefox
- Microsoft Edge
Website
A Website is a collection of related web pages stored on a web server.
Examples
- www.amazon.in
- www.apnajila.in
- www.ontop.co.in
- www.flipkart.com
- www.wikipedia.org
Web Page
A Web Page is a single document on a website that contains text, images, videos, and links.
Examples
- Home Page
- Contact Us Page
- About Us Page
Web Browser
A Web Browser is software used to open and view web pages.
Popular Web Browsers
- Google Chrome
- Mozilla Firefox
- Microsoft Edge
- Safari
- Opera
Functions
- Opens websites
- Downloads files
- Saves bookmarks
- Supports online forms
Blog
A Blog is a website where a person or organization regularly publishes articles, opinions, news, or educational content.
Examples
- Technology blog
- Travel blog
- Food blog
- Educational blog
Newsgroup
A Newsgroup is an online discussion platform where people ask questions and share ideas on different topics.
Example
People discussing computer programming or science topics online.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
HTML is the standard language used to create web pages.
It tells the browser how to display text, images, tables, videos, and links.
Simple HTML Example
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome</h1>
<p>This is my first web page.</p>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Welcome
This is my first web page.
Web Address (URL)
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the complete address of a website.
Example
https://www.cbse.gov.in
Parts of URL
https://www.cbse.gov.in/index.html
- https → Protocol
- www → Subdomain
- cbse → Domain Name
- gov → Domain Type
- in → Country Code
- index.html → Web Page
Email Address
An email address is used to send and receive electronic messages.
Format
username@domain.com
Examples
student@gmail.com
info@cbse.gov.in
Parts
student@gmail.com
- student → Username
- @ → Separator
- gmail.com → Domain Name
Downloading Files
Downloading means copying files from the internet to your device.
Examples
- Download PDF notes
- Download images
- Download videos
Uploading Files
Uploading means sending files from your computer to the internet.
Examples
- Upload assignment
- Upload photo
- Upload YouTube video
Internet Protocols
A Protocol is a set of rules that helps computers communicate over a network.
TCP/IP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
- Breaks data into packets.
- Ensures correct delivery.
IP (Internet Protocol)
- Delivers packets to the correct destination using IP addresses.
Example
Opening a website, sending files, watching YouTube.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Used to send emails.
Example
Sending an email from Gmail.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3)
Used to receive emails from the mail server.
Example
Downloading emails to Outlook.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
Used to transfer web pages.
Not encrypted.
Example
http://example.com
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
Secure version of HTTP.
Uses encryption to protect information.
Example
https://amazon.in
Used for:
- Online shopping
- Internet banking
- Online payments
SSH (Secure Shell)
Used for secure remote login.
Example
A network administrator manages a server from another location securely.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Used for transferring files between computers.
Example
Uploading a website to a hosting server.
SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol)
Secure version of FTP.
Encrypts transferred files.
Example
Sending confidential company files.
SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)
Used to securely copy files between computers.
Example
Copying project files to a remote Linux server.
TELNET
Allows remote login to another computer.
It is not secure because data is sent without encryption.
Nowadays, SSH is preferred.
Internet Services
Information Retrieval
Finding information on the internet.
Example
Searching "Solar System" on Google.
Search Engines
A search engine helps users find websites.
Examples
- Bing
- Yahoo
- DuckDuckGo
Finding People Online
People can be found using:
- Company websites
- School websites
Web Services
Chat
Real-time messaging over the internet.
Examples
- Telegram
- Google Chat
Electronic communication over the internet.
Examples
- Gmail
- Outlook
- Yahoo Mail
Video Conferencing
Live video meetings over the internet.
Examples
- Google Meet
- Zoom
- Microsoft Teams
Uses:
- Online classes
- Business meetings
- Interviews
e-Learning
Learning through the internet.
Examples
- DIKSHA
- SWAYAM
- Khan Academy
- Byju's
Advantages
- Learn anytime
- Recorded lectures
- Online tests
e-Banking
Banking services through the internet.
Examples
- Checking account balance
- Fund transfer
- Paying electricity bills
- Mobile banking
Advantages
- 24×7 service
- Safe transactions
- Saves time
e-Shopping
Buying and selling products online.
Examples
- Amazon
- Flipkart
- Myntra
Advantages
- Home delivery
- Easy payment
- Large variety
e-Reservation
Booking tickets online.
Examples
- Train tickets
- Flight tickets
- Hotel booking
- Movie tickets
Advantages
- Time-saving
- Instant confirmation
e-Governance
Government services provided online.
Examples
- Aadhaar services
- Income Tax filing
- Passport application
- DigiLocker
Benefits
- Transparency
- Faster services
- Less paperwork
e-Groups
Online communities where people discuss common interests.
Examples
- Google Groups
- Yahoo Groups (historically)
Uses
- Discussion
- Sharing files
- Team communication
Social Networking
Websites and apps where people connect and communicate.
Examples
- X
Uses
- Sharing photos
- Messaging
- Business promotion
- Education
Mobile Technologies
SMS (Short Message Service)
SMS is used to send short text messages through mobile phones.
Features
- Text only
- Usually up to 160 characters
- Works without internet
Example
OTP received from a bank.
MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)
MMS allows sending multimedia files.
Features
- Images
- Videos
- Audio
- Text
Example
Sending a birthday photo through MMS.
3G (Third Generation)
3G is the third generation of mobile network technology.
Features
- Internet access
- Video calling
- Faster than 2G
Example
Browsing websites and watching low-quality videos.
4G (Fourth Generation)
4G provides much faster internet than 3G.
Features
- High-speed internet
- HD video streaming
- Online gaming
- Video conferencing
Example
Watching YouTube in HD or attending online classes smoothly.
Quick Revision Table
|
Topic |
Simple Meaning |
Example |
|
|
Internet |
Global network |
Google Search |
|
|
WWW |
Collection of websites |
CBSE website |
|
|
Website |
Group of web pages |
Amazon |
|
|
Web Page |
Single page of a website |
Home Page |
|
|
Browser |
Opens websites |
Chrome |
|
|
HTML |
Creates web pages |
<html> |
|
|
URL |
Website address |
www.ontop.co.in |
|
|
|
Electronic mail |
Ru78007@gmail.com |
|
|
HTTP |
Transfers web pages |
http:// |
|
|
HTTPS |
Secure web transfer |
https:// |
|
|
SMTP |
Sends emails |
Gmail sending mail |
|
|
POP3 |
Receives emails |
Outlook download |
|
|
FTP |
Transfers files |
Website upload |
|
|
SSH |
Secure remote login |
Server management |
|
|
Chat |
Instant messaging |
|
|
|
e-Banking |
Banking online |
Fund transfer |
|
|
e-Shopping |
Online shopping |
Flipkart |
|
|
e-Learning |
Online education |
DIKSHA |
|
|
SMS |
Text message |
OTP |
|
|
MMS |
Multimedia message |
Photo message |
|
|
3G |
Third-generation mobile network |
Basic internet |
|
|
4G |
Fourth-generation mobile network |
HD streaming |
|
*********************************************************************
Unit 1: Networking (Shorts Notes : 15)
Internet:
World Wide Web (WWW): A system of linked web pages and multimedia content accessible via the internet. Example: Searching for recipes on a cooking website.
Web Servers: Computers that store web pages and deliver them when requested. Example: A server hosting an online shopping site.
Web Clients: Devices like computers or smartphones that access web pages. Example: Your phone opening YouTube.
Websites: Groups of related web pages. Example: www.wikipedia.org.
Web Pages: Individual documents on a website. Example: A page showing a product on Amazon.
Web Browsers: Programs used to access websites. Example: Google Chrome or Firefox.
Blogs: Personal or professional online journals. Example: A travel blog sharing trip experiences.
Newsgroups: Online forums for discussing specific topics. Example: A forum for car enthusiasts.
HTML: The language used to create web pages. Example: HTML code adds headings, images, and links to a web page.
Web Address (URL): The unique link to a web page. Example: www.google.com.
Email Address: A unique ID to send or receive emails. Example: user@example.com.
Downloading and Uploading: Moving files between your device and the internet. Example: Downloading a movie or uploading a document to Google Drive.
Internet Protocols:
TCP/IP: Rules for data exchange over the internet. Example: Browsing a website.
SMTP: Protocol to send emails. Example: Sending a message via Gmail.
POP3: Protocol to receive emails. Example: Viewing emails in your mail app.
HTTP: Protocol for viewing web pages. Example: Loading a news site.
HTTPS: Secure version of HTTP, encrypting data. Example: Online banking.
Remote Login and File Transfer Protocols:
SSH: Securely connecting to another computer. Example: Accessing a remote server.
SFTP: Securely transferring files. Example: Uploading files to a school website.
FTP: Transferring files over the internet. Example: Downloading software from a server.
SCP: Securely copying files. Example: Moving files between secure servers.
TELNET: Logging into another computer remotely (less secure). Example: Managing old systems.
Services Available on the Internet:
Information Retrieval: Searching for facts and data. Example: Using Wikipedia to learn about history.
Search Engines: Tools to find websites. Example: Google or Bing.
Finding People: Using online directories or social media. Example: Searching for friends on Facebook.
Web Services:
Chat: Real-time text communication. Example: Chatting on WhatsApp.
Email: Sending electronic messages. Example: Writing an email on Gmail.
Video Conferencing: Virtual meetings using video. Example: Zoom classes.
e-Learning: Online education. Example: Using BYJU’S for study materials.
e-Banking: Managing money online. Example: Transferring money via SBI’s YONO app.
e-Shopping: Buying goods online. Example: Ordering clothes from Flipkart.
e-Reservation: Booking tickets online. Example: Reserving train tickets on IRCTC.
e-Governance: Accessing government services. Example: Applying for a passport online.
e-Groups: Online communities sharing similar interests. Example: A WhatsApp study group.
Social Networking: Connecting with people online. Example: Sharing posts on Instagram.
Mobile Technologies:
SMS: Sending short text messages. Example: Sending a quick hello to a friend.
MMS: Sending multimedia messages like images. Example: Sharing a photo via text.
3G: Older mobile technology for internet and calls. Example: Browsing Facebook on slower internet.
4G: Faster mobile technology for high-speed browsing and streaming. Example: Watching YouTube in HD without buffering.
=============================================================
********************************************************************
Unit 2: HTML (Shorts : 25)
• Introduction to web page designing using HTML: create and save an HTML
document, access a web page using a web browser.
• HTML tags: html, head, title, body, (attributes: text, background, bgcolor, link,
vlink, alink), br (break), hr(horizontal rule), inserting comments, h1..h6 (heading),
p (paragraph), b (bold), i (italics), u (underline), ul (unordered list), ol (ordered
list), and li (list item). Description lists: dl, dt and dd. Attributes of ol (start, type),
ul (type).
• Font tags (attributes: face, size, color).
• Insert images: img (attributes: src, width, height, alt), sup (super script), sub
(subscript).
• HTML Forms: Textbox, radio buttons, checkbox, password, list, combobox.
• Embed audio and video in a HTML page.
• Create a table using the tags: table, tr, th, td, rowspan, colspan
• Links: significance of linking, anchor element (attributes: href, mailto), targets.
• Cascading style sheets: colour, background-colour, border-style, margin, height,
width, outline, font (family, style, size), align, float.
_____________________________________________________________________
Unit 2: HTML (Details : 25)
Part 1 – Introduction to HTML
Complete Notes in Easy Language with Full HTML Code Examples
Unit 2: HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
What is HTML?
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages and websites. It tells a web browser how to display text, images, tables, forms, videos, and other content on a webpage.
HTML is not a programming language. It is a markup language because it uses tags to organize and display information.
Definition (CBSE)
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used for designing and creating web pages.
Meaning of HTML
| Letter | Meaning |
|---|---|
| H | Hyper |
| T | Text |
| M | Markup |
| L | Language |
Explanation
Hyper
Hyper means that web pages can be connected using hyperlinks, allowing users to move from one page to another.
Example
Clicking a link on the CBSE website opens another webpage.
Text
HTML mainly works with text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, and tables.
Markup
Markup means adding tags around content to tell the browser how it should appear.
Example
<b>Computer</b>
Output
Computer
Language
HTML follows a fixed set of rules and tags for creating web pages.
Features of HTML
- Easy to learn
- Free to use
- Platform independent
- Supported by all web browsers
- Can create attractive web pages
- Supports multimedia (images, audio, video)
- Works with CSS and JavaScript
Advantages of HTML
- Simple syntax
- Lightweight files
- Easy maintenance
- Supports hyperlinks
- Compatible with all operating systems
- Search engine friendly
Limitations of HTML
- Cannot perform calculations
- Cannot connect directly to databases
- Cannot create dynamic websites by itself
- Needs CSS for attractive design
- Needs JavaScript for interactivity
What is a Web Page?
A Web Page is a document created using HTML and displayed in a web browser.
Examples
- Home Page
- About Us
- Contact Us
- Admission Page
What is a Website?
A Website is a collection of related web pages stored on a web server.
Examples
HTML Document
An HTML document is simply a text file containing HTML tags.
It is saved with the extension
.html
or
.htm
Examples
index.html home.html about.html contact.html
Requirements for Writing HTML
You need only two things:
1. Text Editor
You can use
- Notepad
- Notepad++
- Visual Studio Code
- Sublime Text
For CBSE practicals, Notepad is sufficient.
2. Web Browser
A browser displays the HTML page.
Examples
- Google Chrome
- Microsoft Edge
- Mozilla Firefox
- Opera
Steps to Create an HTML File
Step 1
Open Notepad
Step 2
Write HTML code.
Example
<html> <head> <title>My First Web Page</title> </head> <body> Welcome to HTML </body> </html>
Step 3
Click
File → Save As
Step 4
Enter file name
index.html
Step 5
Choose
Save as type All Files (*.*)
Step 6
Click
Save
How to Open an HTML File
Method 1
Double-click the HTML file.
Method 2
Right-click
Open With
Google Chrome
Method 3
Drag the HTML file into any web browser.
Structure of an HTML Document
Every HTML document has two main parts.
<html> <head> </head> <body> </body> </html>
Structure Diagram
HTML Document │ ├── Head │ │ │ ├── Title │ └── Body │ ├── Heading ├── Paragraph ├── Images ├── Tables └── Forms
HTML Tags
HTML uses tags enclosed in angle brackets (< >) to define elements.
Types of Tags
1. Container (Paired) Tags
These have an opening tag and a closing tag.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
Opening Tag
<p>
Closing Tag
</p>
2. Empty (Unpaired) Tags
These do not require a closing tag.
Examples
<br> <hr> <img>
Basic HTML Document
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>My First HTML Page</title> </head> <body> Welcome to HTML Programming. </body> </html>
Explanation
<!DOCTYPE html>
Declares that the document uses HTML5.
<html>
The root element of the HTML document. All HTML code is written inside this tag.
<head>
Contains information about the webpage such as title, CSS, and metadata. This content is not displayed on the webpage.
<title>
Specifies the title shown on the browser tab.
Example
<title>My School</title>
Browser Tab
My School
<body>
Contains all the visible content of the webpage.
Everything seen on the page is written inside the <body> tag.
Complete Example
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Computer Application</title> </head> <body> This is my first HTML webpage. </body> </html>
Output
This is my first HTML webpage.
BODY Tag Attributes
The <body> tag can use attributes to change the appearance of the webpage.
1. bgcolor
Changes the background color.
Example
<body bgcolor="yellow"> Welcome </body>
Output
Yellow background with the text Welcome.
2. background
Displays an image as the page background.
Example
<body background="flower.jpg"> Welcome </body>
3. text
Changes the text color.
Example
<body text="blue"> Computer Application </body>
Output
Blue colored text.
4. link
Changes the color of unvisited hyperlinks.
Example
<body link="green"> <a href="https://www.cbse.gov.in">CBSE</a> </body>
5. vlink
Changes the color of visited links.
Example
<body vlink="purple"> <a href="https://www.cbse.gov.in">CBSE</a> </body>
6. alink
Changes the color of an active (currently clicked) link.
Example
<body alink="red"> <a href="https://www.cbse.gov.in">CBSE</a> </body>
Complete Program Using BODY Attributes
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Body Attributes</title> </head> <body bgcolor="lightblue" text="darkblue"> Welcome to CBSE Computer Applications. </body> </html>
Output
- Background color: Light Blue
- Text color: Dark Blue
- Displays: Welcome to CBSE Computer Applications.
Important File Extensions
| File Type | Extension |
|---|---|
| HTML File | .html or .htm |
| CSS File | .css |
| Image | .jpg, .png, .gif |
| Audio | .mp3 |
| Video | .mp4 |
Common HTML Mistakes
❌ Saving the file as index.txt instead of index.html.
❌ Forgetting the closing tag.
<p>Hello
✔ Correct
<p>Hello</p>
❌ Misspelling tags.
<boddy>
✔ Correct
<body>
Viva Questions
Q1. What is HTML?
HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages.
Q2. Is HTML a programming language?
No. HTML is a markup language.
Q3. Which tag contains visible webpage content?
<body>
Q4. Which tag displays the browser title?
<title>
Q5. Which tag is the root element of an HTML document?
<html>
Q6. Which software can be used to write HTML?
Notepad, Notepad++, Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. HTML stands for:
A. Hyper Transfer Markup Language
B. High Text Markup Language
C. HyperText Markup Language ✅
D. Hyper Tool Markup Language
2. HTML files are saved with the extension:
A. .doc
B. .txt
C. .exe
D. .html ✅
3. Which tag contains the title of a webpage?
A. <head>
B. <body>
C. <title> ✅
D. <html>
4. Which tag contains the visible content of a webpage?
A. <head>
B. <body> ✅
C. <title>
D. <meta>
5. Which HTML version is declared using <!DOCTYPE html>?
A. HTML 2
B. HTML 3
C. HTML 4
D. HTML5 ✅
Quick Revision Table
| Tag | Purpose |
|---|---|
<!DOCTYPE html> | Declares HTML5 document |
<html> | Root element of the webpage |
<head> | Contains information about the page |
<title> | Displays the browser tab title |
<body> | Contains visible webpage content |
CBSE Exam Tips
- Learn the complete HTML document structure by heart.
-
Remember the purpose of
<html>,<head>,<title>, and<body>. - Practice creating, saving, and opening HTML files in Notepad.
- Understand the difference between paired and empty tags.
-
Be familiar with the basic
<body>attributes (bgcolor,background,text,link,vlink,alink), as they are included in the CBSE syllabus, even though modern HTML commonly uses CSS for styling.
In Part 2, we will cover Text Formatting Tags in detail, including:
-
Headings (
<h1>to<h6>) -
Paragraph (
<p>) -
Line Break (
<br>) -
Horizontal Rule (
<hr>) - Comments
-
Bold (
<b>), Italic (<i>), Underline (<u>) -
Font tag (
<font>withface,size,color) -
Superscript (
<sup>) and Subscript (<sub>) - Complete working HTML programs with output explanations, MCQs, viva questions, and CBSE exam notes.
********************************************************************
Unit 2: HTML (Shorts : 25)
Introduction to Web Page Design Using HTML:
- Creation and Storage of HTML Documents:
- Utilize a text editor (e.g., Notepad) to author HTML code.
- Save the document with the
.htmlextension (e.g.,example.html). Example:<html><body><h1>Sample Page</h1></body></html>.
- Web Page Accessibility:
- Open the stored
.htmlfile in a browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) to render the content. Example: Double-clicking the fileexample.htmlto visualize it.
- Open the stored
HTML Tags:
- Structural Tags:
<html>: Delimits the beginning and end of an HTML document.<head>: Encompasses metadata such as title and linking stylesheets.<title>: Specifies the title displayed in the browser tab. Example:<title>Homepage</title>.<body>: Encases the principal content of the web page.
Attributes of <body> Tag:
- text: Defines font color. Example:
<body text="green">. - bgcolor: Specifies the background color. Example:
<body bgcolor="lightblue">. - background: Embeds a background image. Example:
<body background="background.jpg">.
Formatting Tags:
<br>: Introduces a line break. Example:Text1<br>Text2.<hr>: Inserts a horizontal divider. Example:<hr>.- Comments: Utilize
<!-- Comment -->to include non-visible notes. <h1>to<h6>: Designate heading levels. Example:<h1>Main Title</h1>.<p>: Constructs paragraphs. Example:<p>This is a paragraph.</p>.<b>,<i>,<u>: Apply bold, italics, and underline styling. Example:<b>Important Text</b>.
Lists:
- Unordered List: Create bullet points using
<ul>. Example:<ul> <li>Point A</li> <li>Point B</li> </ul> - Ordered List: Enumerate items with
<ol>. Example:<ol start="5" type="I"> <li>Item One</li> <li>Item Two</li> </ol> - Description List: For definitions or descriptive content:
<dl> <dt>Term</dt> <dd>Definition</dd> </dl>
Font Tags:
<font>: Modify text attributes such as typeface, size, and color. Example:<font face="Verdana" size="3" color="purple">Sample Text</font>.
Image Embedding:
- Use
<img>to incorporate images with the following attributes:src: Specifies image path. Example:<img src="image.jpg">.width,height: Adjust dimensions. Example:<img src="image.jpg" width="200" height="150">.alt: Defines alternative text. Example:<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description">.
Superscript and Subscript:
<sup>: Superscripts text. Example:E=mc<sup>2</sup>.<sub>: Subscripts text. Example:H<sub>2</sub>O.
HTML Forms:
- Facilitate user input with form elements:
<form> <input type="text" placeholder="Enter your name"> <input type="radio" name="gender" value="Female"> Female <input type="checkbox" name="interest" value="Coding"> Coding <input type="password" placeholder="Create Password"> <select> <option>Option A</option> <option>Option B</option> </select> </form>
Embedding Audio and Video:
- Audio:
<audio controls> <source src="audio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support audio. </audio> - Video:
<video width="320" height="240" controls> <source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4"> Your browser does not support video. </video>
Tables:
- Create tables using
<table>,<tr>(row),<th>(header cell), and<td>(data cell):<table border="1"> <tr> <th>Header 1</th> <th>Header 2</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> </tr> </table> - Additional Attributes:
rowspan,colspan: Merge rows or columns. Example:<td rowspan="2">Merged Row</td> <td colspan="3">Merged Column</td>
Links:
- Add hyperlinks with
<a>. Example:<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example</a> <a href="mailto:contact@example.com">Email Us</a> - Targets: Open links in new tabs. Example:
<a href="url" target="_blank">Open Here</a>.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS):
- Incorporate styling with
<style>:<style> body { background-color: beige; font-family: Georgia; } h1 { color: navy; text-align: center; } </style> - CSS Properties:
color,background-color: Define colors.border-style: Outline elements with solid, dashed, etc.margin,padding,width,height: Control dimensions and spacing.font: Customize text (e.g., style, family, size).float: Align elements to left or right.
This comprehensive overview equips learners to design and implement HTML web pages with practical examples.
============================================================
Unit 3: Cyber Ethics (Details : 10 )
What is Cyber Ethics?
Cyber Ethics means following the correct, responsible, and respectful behavior while using computers, mobile devices, the internet, and digital technologies. It teaches users how to use technology safely, legally, and ethically.
Cyber ethics helps people protect their own information, respect the rights of others, and use online resources honestly.
Example
- Using your own password instead of someone else's.
- Respecting others while chatting online.
- Downloading only legal software.
Importance of Cyber Ethics
- Protects personal information.
- Prevents cybercrime.
- Encourages responsible internet use.
- Promotes honesty and respect.
- Makes the online environment safe for everyone.
Netiquettes
What are Netiquettes?
Netiquettes (Internet Etiquettes) are the rules of good manners and proper behavior that people should follow while communicating or working online.
Just as we follow manners in real life, we should also behave politely on the internet.
Rules of Netiquettes
1. Be Polite
Always use respectful language while chatting, emailing, or posting online.
Example
Instead of writing:
"Your answer is wrong."
Write:
"I think there may be another way to solve this."
2. Respect Others
Do not insult, threaten, or make fun of other people online.
Example
Do not post offensive comments on social media.
3. Do Not Type in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS
Writing in capital letters is considered as shouting.
Example
Incorrect:
PLEASE REPLY NOW!!
Correct:
Please reply when you have time.
4. Think Before Posting
Once something is posted online, it may remain available for a long time.
Example
Avoid posting personal photos or private information publicly.
5. Respect Privacy
Never share another person's personal details without permission.
Example
Do not upload your friend's phone number or address online.
6. Avoid Spreading False Information
Always verify information before sharing it.
Example
Check whether a news message is true before forwarding it.
7. Use Appropriate Language
Avoid abusive or offensive words.
8. Follow Copyright Rules
Do not copy someone else's work without permission or proper credit.
Benefits of Following Netiquettes
- Better communication
- Safe online environment
- Respect among users
- Fewer misunderstandings
- Responsible internet usage
Software Licenses
What is a Software License?
A Software License is a legal agreement that explains how software can be installed, copied, shared, or used.
It protects both the software developer and the user.
Types of Software Licenses
1. Proprietary Software
The software belongs to a company or developer.
Users must follow the license rules and usually pay to use it.
Examples
- Microsoft Windows
- Microsoft Office
- Adobe Photoshop
2. Freeware
Software that is available free of cost but usually cannot be modified.
Examples
- Adobe Acrobat Reader
- Google Chrome
3. Shareware
Software that can be used free for a limited time or with limited features.
Example
A photo editing program that works for 30 days before asking for payment.
4. Open Source Software
Software whose source code is freely available.
Users can study, modify, improve, and distribute the software according to its license.
Examples
- Linux
- LibreOffice
- Mozilla Firefox
- GIMP
Open Source Software Movement
The Open Source Software Movement encourages the development and sharing of software whose source code is openly available.
The main idea is collaboration. Developers from around the world work together to improve software.
Features
- Source code is available.
- Anyone can improve the software.
- Community support.
- Lower software cost.
- Faster development.
Advantages
- Free or low cost.
- Highly customizable.
- Frequent updates.
- Better learning opportunities.
- Large developer community.
Disadvantages
- Limited official customer support.
- Some software may require technical knowledge.
- Compatibility issues may occur with certain proprietary programs.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
What are Intellectual Property Rights?
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are legal rights that protect creations of the human mind such as books, music, software, inventions, designs, and artistic works.
IPR allows creators to receive recognition and control over how their work is used.
Examples of Intellectual Property
- Computer software
- Books
- Music
- Paintings
- Mobile applications
- Scientific inventions
Importance of IPR
- Encourages creativity.
- Protects creators from unauthorized copying.
- Promotes innovation.
- Provides legal ownership.
Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism means copying another person's work, ideas, images, code, or writing and presenting it as your own without giving proper credit.
Plagiarism is considered dishonest and unethical.
Examples
- Copying homework from a website.
- Copying a friend's project.
- Using someone else's images without permission.
- Copying programming code without mentioning the source.
How to Avoid Plagiarism
- Write in your own words.
- Mention the original source.
- Use quotation marks for direct quotations.
- Create original work.
Digital Property Rights
What are Digital Property Rights?
Digital Property Rights are the rights that protect digital creations such as software, websites, digital books, videos, music, photographs, animations, and online documents.
These rights ensure that creators control how their digital work is copied, shared, or sold.
Examples
- E-books
- Software
- Online courses
- YouTube videos
- Mobile apps
- Digital photographs
Importance
- Protects creators' work.
- Prevents illegal copying.
- Encourages digital innovation.
- Supports fair use of digital content.
Freedom of Information
What is Freedom of Information?
Freedom of Information means that people have the right to access public information held by government or public organizations, subject to legal restrictions.
It promotes transparency and accountability.
Examples
- Accessing government reports.
- Viewing examination notifications.
- Reading public laws and policies.
- Checking government schemes online.
Benefits
- Transparency
- Better public awareness
- Reduced corruption
- Informed decision-making
Digital Divide
What is the Digital Divide?
The Digital Divide is the gap between people who have access to digital technology and the internet and those who do not.
Causes
- Lack of internet facilities.
- High cost of devices.
- Low digital literacy.
- Poor network coverage.
- Economic differences.
Examples
- Urban students attending online classes while some rural students cannot due to poor internet access.
- A family with computers compared to another family without any digital devices.
Effects
- Unequal education opportunities.
- Limited job opportunities.
- Reduced access to online services.
- Social inequality.
Ways to Reduce the Digital Divide
- Improve internet infrastructure.
- Provide affordable devices.
- Increase digital literacy programs.
- Offer public Wi-Fi facilities.
- Promote digital education in schools.
E-Commerce
What is E-Commerce?
E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through the internet.
Examples
- Purchasing books online.
- Ordering food using an app.
- Paying electricity bills online.
- Booking airline tickets.
Advantages
- Shop anytime.
- Wide product selection.
- Home delivery.
- Easy price comparison.
- Multiple payment options.
Disadvantages
- Cannot inspect products physically.
- Delivery delays.
- Risk of online fraud.
- Internet required.
Privacy in E-Commerce
What is Privacy?
Privacy means protecting a user's personal and financial information while shopping or making payments online.
Personal Information
- Name
- Address
- Mobile number
- Email address
- Bank details
- Debit or credit card information
Ways to Protect Privacy
- Use strong passwords.
- Enable two-factor authentication.
- Shop only on trusted websites.
- Avoid sharing OTPs and passwords.
- Log out after completing transactions.
Fraud in E-Commerce
What is Online Fraud?
Online fraud is any dishonest activity carried out over the internet to steal money, information, or identity.
Common Types of Fraud
1. Phishing
Fake emails or messages pretending to be from trusted organizations.
Example
A fake banking email asking for your password.
2. Fake Shopping Websites
Websites that collect payment but never deliver products.
3. Identity Theft
Someone uses another person's personal information without permission.
4. Payment Fraud
Unauthorized use of another person's debit or credit card.
How to Prevent Fraud
- Verify website addresses carefully.
- Never share OTPs or PINs.
- Use secure payment methods.
- Keep antivirus software updated.
- Monitor bank transactions regularly.
Secure Data Transmission
What is Secure Data Transmission?
Secure data transmission means sending information over the internet in a way that prevents unauthorized people from reading or changing it.
Methods of Secure Data Transmission
1. Encryption
Encryption converts readable information into a coded format that only authorized users can understand.
2. HTTPS
Websites using HTTPS protect information through encrypted communication.
Example
Online banking and shopping websites use HTTPS to secure customer data.
3. Secure Passwords
Strong passwords reduce the risk of unauthorized access.
Example of a Strong Password
MySchool@2026
4. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
Users verify their identity with two methods, such as a password and a one-time password (OTP).
Benefits
- Protects personal information.
- Reduces hacking risks.
- Prevents data theft.
- Increases user trust.
- Secures online payments.
Quick Revision Table
| Topic | Simple Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Cyber Ethics | Responsible use of technology | Respecting others online |
| Netiquettes | Good manners on the internet | Polite emails and messages |
| Software License | Rules for using software | Windows license |
| Open Source Software | Source code is available to modify | Linux, LibreOffice |
| Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) | Legal protection for creative work | Software, books, music |
| Plagiarism | Copying someone else's work without credit | Copying a project from a website |
| Digital Property Rights | Rights over digital creations | E-books, apps, videos |
| Freedom of Information | Access to public information | Government notices |
| Digital Divide | Gap in access to technology | Rural vs. urban internet access |
| E-Commerce | Buying and selling online | Shopping on Amazon |
| Privacy | Protecting personal information | Keeping banking details safe |
| Fraud | Illegal online cheating | Phishing email |
| Secure Data Transmission | Safe transfer of information | HTTPS, encryption |
Key Points for CBSE Examination
- Cyber Ethics promotes safe, legal, and responsible use of technology.
- Netiquettes are the rules of polite and respectful online behavior.
- A Software License defines how software may be legally used.
- Open Source Software allows users to study, modify, and share source code according to its license.
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protect creative and intellectual works.
- Plagiarism is presenting another person's work as your own without proper acknowledgment.
- Digital Property Rights safeguard digital content such as software, videos, websites, and e-books.
- Freedom of Information supports access to public information, while the Digital Divide highlights unequal access to technology.
- E-Commerce enables online buying and selling, but users should protect their privacy, avoid fraud, and use secure data transmission methods such as HTTPS, encryption, and two-factor authentication.
***************************************************************
Unit 3: Cyber ethics ( Shorts : 10)
• Netiquettes.
• Software licenses and the open source software movement.
• Intellectual property rights, plagiarism and digital property rights.
• Freedom of information and the digital divide.
• E-commerce: Privacy, fraud, secure data transmission.
_____________________________________________________________________
Unit 3: Cyber Ethics
Netiquettes
Netiquette refers to the code of polite and respectful behavior while communicating online. Adhering to netiquette ensures healthy interactions and minimizes conflicts in the digital space. Key principles include:
Be respectful: Avoid offensive language and personal attacks in emails, forums, or social media.
Use clear communication: Write concise, grammatically correct messages. Example: Instead of writing "idk wat u mean," use "I don’t understand your point. Could you clarify?"
Avoid spamming: Do not send unsolicited or repetitive messages.
Respect privacy: Avoid sharing personal or sensitive information without consent.
Software Licenses and the Open Source Software Movement
Software Licenses
Software licenses are legal agreements that define how software can be used, modified, or shared. The two main types are:
Proprietary License: Restricts access to source code and limits modifications. Example: Microsoft Office.
Open Source License: Grants users the freedom to view, modify, and distribute source code. Example: Linux.
Open Source Software Movement
This global initiative advocates free access to software for learning and collaboration. It encourages transparency, innovation, and community-driven development. Example: Apache Web Server.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Plagiarism, and Digital Property Rights
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
IPR protects creations such as software, books, and music from unauthorized use or reproduction.
Example: Copyrights protect software code, while patents cover unique algorithms or technologies.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism involves using someone else’s work without proper acknowledgment.
Example: Copy-pasting content from a website into a school project without citation.
Avoiding Plagiarism: Always credit the original source and use plagiarism-check tools.
Digital Property Rights
Digital property rights refer to ownership rights over digital assets like eBooks, music, or software. Violating these rights, such as illegally downloading software, is considered digital piracy.
Freedom of Information and the Digital Divide
Freedom of Information
Freedom of information is the right to access information freely, particularly in digital formats. Governments often pass laws ensuring transparency, such as the Right to Information Act (RTI) in India.
Example: Public access to government databases or educational resources.
Digital Divide
The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals or communities with access to modern digital technology and those without.
Causes: Economic inequality, lack of infrastructure, or education.
Impact: Limits opportunities in education, jobs, and social inclusion for underprivileged communities.
E-commerce: Privacy, Fraud, and Secure Data Transmission
Privacy
Protecting user data from unauthorized access is crucial in e-commerce. Platforms ensure privacy through:
Data encryption: Example: Using HTTPS protocols.
Strict privacy policies: Platforms like Amazon ensure user data is not shared without consent.
Fraud
Fraud includes deceptive practices like phishing, identity theft, or fake e-commerce sites.
Prevention: Use trusted websites, enable two-factor authentication, and verify seller credentials.
Secure Data Transmission
Encryption: Ensures sensitive information like credit card details is transmitted securely.
SSL Certificates: Provide secure communication channels. Example: Websites with a lock icon in the URL bar.
This module equips students with essential knowledge of ethical digital practices, ensuring responsible online behavior and awareness of rights in the digital age.
RUonTop: Hi Welcome to our Blog...