UNIT 10 Training & Doping in Sports
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CBSE Class 11 Physical Education
Revision Notes
Chapter 10
DOPING
Introduction
Drugs are life saving as well as life threatening chemicals. They are used by sports persons for different purposes. Performance enhancing drugs are banned in sports. The reasons for the ban are mainly, the health risks of performance enhancing drugs.
Anti-doping authorities state that using performance enhancing drugs goes against the spirit of sports.
According to world anti-doping Agency (WADA) “Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations.
MEANING AND TYPES OF DOPING (Concept)
Doping is the use of prohibited substance or methods to improve sports performance. It can also be defined as use of drugs or sports performance. Doping methods or substances might harm the health of athletes and might be fatal.
Types of Doping (Classification)
(i) Performance enhancing substance:
- Stimulants
- Anabolic Steroids
- Peptide hormones
- Beta-2 Agonist
- Narcotics
- Diuretics
- Cannabinoids.
(ii) Physical methods.
- Blood doping and Gene doping comes under physical method.
Blood doping: It is the process of increasing the
Red blood cells by blood transfusion. Blood doping increases hemoglobin
allows higher amount of 
to fuel an athlete’s muscles. This can improve stamina and performance, particularly in long distance events.
Gene doping: It is the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance.
Increasing muscle growth, blood production, endurance and pan resistance. In such cases nothing unusual would enter the blood stream. So officials would detect nothing in blood or wine test. Some viruses target certain organ, such as kidney, liver. Therefore only samples are taken from these area’s that could lead to detection.
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND METHODS
Substances prohibited at all times.
- Stimulants
- Narcotics
- Steroids
- Growth hormones
- Beta Blockers
- Diuretics
- Blood doping
Methods prohibited at all times or in or out of competition: The following methods are prohibited at all times.
- Blood doping
- Gene doping
Responsibilities of Athletes
- Remain in direct observation of the Doping Control Officer.
- Produce proper photo identification
- Comply with sample collection procedures.
- Report immediately for test.
ERGOGENIC AIDS AND DOPING IN SPORTS: Ergogenics aids are any external influences that can be determined to enhance performance in sports. These includes:
- Mechanical aids
- Pharmacological aids
- Physiological aids
- Nutritional aids
- Psychological aids
DOPING CONTROL PROCEDURE: Dope test is done on athletes by World Anti Doping Agency (WADA). This agency checks and controls doping in sports. It provides technical and financial help for testing. In India, the controlling body under the WADA is named as National Anti Doping Agency (NADA).
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CBSE Class 11 Physical Education
Revision Notes
Chapter 10
TRAINING IN SPORTS
MEANING AND CONCEPT OF SPORTS TRAINING: The Training is a process of preparing an individual for any event or an activity. Sports Training is the Physical, technical, intellectual, Psychological and moral preparation of an athlete or a player by means of physical exercise. Sports training also consists of all those learning, influence and process that are aimed at enhancing Sports performance.
PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS TRAINING
- Principle of Overload
- Principle of Progressive Development
- Principle of Continuity
- Principle of Variety
- Principle of Individuality
- Principle of Specificity
- Principle of Active Participation
- Principle of Periodisation
- Principal of Rest and Recovery
- Principal of General and Specific Preparation
Warm-up and limbering or cool down
Warm-up: It is a primarily preparatory activity in which physiological and psychological preparation of athlete for the main activity, takes place.
Types of warm-up:
1. General Warm-up
2. Specific Warm-up
Cooling or Limbering down: To bring the body in normal state after any competition or training is called cooling down.
Load: Load is known as work or exercise that a sports person performs in a training session.
Adaptation: It is the process of long-term adjustment to a specific stimulus.
Recovery: Recovery is to regain energy after workout what was lost during the activity.
Skill, Technique and style: A skill is the ability to perform a whole movement. Skill can be defined as automatisation of motor action.
Technique: It is an basic movement of any sports or event. We can say that, a technique is the way of performing skill.
Style: It is an individuals expression of technique in motor action, therefore each sports person due to his specific or particular psychic, physical and biological capacities realize the technique in different way. It is called his style.
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Training & Doping in Sports 1. Concept and Principles of Sports Training 2. Training Load: Over Load, Adaptation, and Recovery 3. Warming-up & Limbering Down – Types, Method & Importance 4. Concept of Skill, Technique, Tactics & Strategies, 5. Concept of Doping and its disadvantages.
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1. Concept and Principles of Sports Training
- Concept: Sports training is a systematic process of improving physical fitness, technical skills, and mental abilities to enhance sports performance.
Principles:
- Individuality: Training must be tailored to an athlete's unique needs.
- Progression: Gradual increase in training intensity.
- Overload: Training beyond the athlete's comfort zone to improve.
- Specificity: Training focused on the sport's requirements.
- Reversibility: Fitness gains are lost when training stops.
- Variation: Changing routines to avoid monotony and plateaus.
2. Training Load: Overload, Adaptation, and Recovery
Training Load: The amount of physical work done in training.
Overload: Deliberate increase in intensity, duration, or frequency to challenge the body.
Adaptation: The body's ability to adjust and improve due to training stimuli.
Recovery: Rest periods allowing the body to repair and grow stronger, preventing overtraining.
3. Warming-Up & Limbering Down – Types, Methods & Importance
Warming-Up: Prepares the body for exercise.
- Types: General (light jogging) and specific (sport-specific drills).
- Methods: Dynamic stretching, aerobic activities.
- Importance: Improves blood flow, reduces injury risk, enhances performance.
Limbering Down (Cool-Down): Gradual reduction in intensity after exercise.
- Methods: Light jogging, static stretching.
- Importance: Helps remove lactic acid, prevents muscle stiffness, aids recovery.
4. Concept of Skill, Technique, Tactics & Strategies
- Skill: The ability to perform a task efficiently and consistently (e.g., dribbling in football).
- Technique: The method or way of performing a skill (e.g., proper shooting form in basketball).
- Tactics: Short-term actions or decisions during a game to gain an advantage (e.g., passing strategies).
- Strategies: Long-term planning and preparation for achieving overall objectives in sports (e.g., team formation).
5. Concept of Doping and its Disadvantages
- Doping: The use of banned substances or methods to enhance athletic performance.
Disadvantages:
- Health risks: Heart issues, liver damage, hormonal imbalance.
- Loss of integrity: Violates sportsmanship and fair play.
- Legal consequences: Bans, fines, and damage to reputation.
- Psychological effects: Anxiety, depression, addiction.
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